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醫(yī)學(xué)論文（medical papers)的定義
醫(yī)學(xué)論文是對整理和發(fā)表醫(yī)學(xué)研究成果的一種特殊文本的總稱，就其內(nèi)容和文體特點而言科分為以下幾種：
1．醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文（scientific papers)
2．調(diào)查報告（survey)
3．綜述（review)
4．學(xué)位論文（theses)
5．醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文（scientific papers)
醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文定義
國際生物學(xué)編輯委員會對醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文的定義為：必須是首次公布的應(yīng)提供足夠的資料，使同行們能夠進(jìn)行：①評價所觀察到的結(jié)果；②評價其推理過程；③重復(fù)實驗。分為以下兩種：①臨床研究 (clinical study)；②基礎(chǔ)研究或?qū)嶒炑芯浚╡xperimental study)
一、醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文的格式
醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文必須具備以下幾個部分：
（1)標(biāo)題（title)
（2)摘要（abstract)
（3)引言（introduction)
（4)材料和方法（materials and methods)
（5)結(jié)果（results)
（6)討論（discussion)
（7)致謝（acknowledgement)
（8)參考文獻(xiàn)（references)
一、標(biāo)題
（一)要求
1．簡明扼要（short and concise)
（1)盡量控制在一行，但不是一個句子
（2)不超過 25 個單詞或 120-140 個字母
（3)除 DNA、RNA、CT 等不用縮寫
2．信息豐富 (informative)
3．便于索引（indexing)
4．較長標(biāo)題可采用副標(biāo)題
（二)標(biāo)題寫作中常用詞組和表達(dá)方式
1．用…（方法／手段)對…進(jìn)行研究／分析／觀察／評價：
Study(analysis/observation/evaluation/assessment) of (on) … (by) using 方法 /with 工具)
2．A 對 B 的作用
Effort of A on B
Protective effect of omeprazole on endothelin-induced gastric mucosal injury
3．A 與 B 的關(guān)系
Correlation (relation/relationship) between A and B
Correlation of A with B and C
常用修飾詞：positively/negatively/significantly/insignificantly
4．用…治療…
Use of …in the treatment of …( 病)in …（生物)
Use of omeprazole in the treatment of gastric ulcer in the elderly
5．A 是 B
A as B
二、著錄部分書寫
（一)姓名
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式：WANG Luowei，HUANG Yingfeng，GUO Xiao’an
（二) 地址
800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R.China
（三)資助
A project funded by the National “863” Program
三、摘要的分類與格式
摘要是作者要給讀者的精華，分兩大類：
（一)指示性摘要
（二)資料性摘要
1．非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要
缺點：段落不明，給編輯、審稿、閱讀和計算機(jī)處理帶來諸多不便
2．全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要（8 要素摘要)
（1)目的
（2)設(shè)計
（3)地點
（4)對象
（5)處理
（6)主要測定項目
（7)結(jié)果
（8)結(jié)論
全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的優(yōu)點：
（1)觀點更明確
（2)信息量更大
（3)差錯更少
（4)符合計算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫建立和使用的要求
全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的缺點：煩瑣、重復(fù)、篇幅過長
3．半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要（四要素摘要)
（1)目的（objective/purpose/aim)
（2)方法（methods)
（3)結(jié)果（results)
（4)結(jié)論（conclusion)
目的：是作者想要介紹的關(guān)鍵問題
一、目的格式
（一)單表目的
（二)背景＋目的
二、目的常用時態(tài)
（一)背景：現(xiàn)在時（一般現(xiàn)在時、完成時和進(jìn)行時)
（二)目的：一般現(xiàn)在時／現(xiàn)在完成時，或一般過去時
舉例：
（1)To evaluate the effects on 24-hour intragastric pH levels of infusions with omeprazole and H2 receptor antagonists in bleeding duodenal ulcer patients.
（2)The role of omeprazole in triple therapy and the impact of Helicobacter pylori resistance on treatment outcome are not established. This study investigated the role of omeprazole and influence of primary H. pylori resistance on eradication and development of secondary resistance.
三、介紹目的常用句型
主要用動詞不定式 to 表達(dá)
1．直接用 to do 短語表達(dá)
舉例：To determine if use of omeprazole protects against the gastric mucosal injury
2．The purpose/aim/objective/goal(of present study is)was to
舉例：The aim of this study was to determine the protective function of omeprazole on gastric mucosal injury
3．The present study is /was designed/devised/intended to
舉例：The present study was designed to establish whether there might be a genetic predisposition to an altered pattern of anti-inflammatory cytokine produced in patients with irritable bowel syndrome
4．This study was performed/conducted/carried out/undertaken to
舉例：An experimental study was conducted using a canine mode to elucidate …
5．We aimed/sought to/attempted to
舉例：We sought to assess whether there is an increased risk of tuberculosis among individuals who work in certain industries occupations.
四、介紹目的常用動詞
常用的動詞：
1．研究：study, investigate, examine, observe, explore
舉例：Our objective in this report is to examine the clinical feature, pathology and treatment for patients with pancreatic cancer.
2．評價：evaluate, validate
舉例：To evaluate sonography as a tool for initial diagnosis in emergency room patients with abdominal trauma.
3．確定：determine, decide, confirm, support, define, characterize
4．證實：prove, demonstrate, document, test, support, testify, verify
5．闡明、搞清：explain, elucidate, clarify, illustrate, delineate, find out, contribute to the knowledge of
6．介紹：describe, present, report
7．建立：establish, develop, set out
8．尋找：search for, look for, seek, find
9．識別、區(qū)分：identify, differentiate, discriminate
10．優(yōu)選：optimize
11．比較：compare
12．回顧：review
13．相關(guān)：correlate A with B
方法部分：
（1)研究設(shè)計
（2)研究對象的特性
（3)干預(yù)或處理方法
（4)測定或觀察方法
一、 研究對象的選擇、來源及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1．納入研究：were entered into/enrolled in/selected (randomly)
舉例：A total of 169 patients were included in the study, 83 of whom received……
2．排除或退出研究：were excluded from participation，withdrew from the study due to/because to
舉例：……Patients with significant aortic valvular diseases were excluded.
二、 研究對象的分組
1．……were divided into/classified/grouped into
2．……were divided randomly/randomized into
3．…… were divided equally into
舉例：Patients were divided into three groups: Group 1…… Patients (n = 539) with a history of duodenal ulcer and a positive H. pylori screening test result were randomized into 4 groups. OAC group received 20 mg omeprazole, ……
三、 年齡
1．某一年齡
舉例：A 50-year-old patient. Patients (age 26±3 years).
2．在某年齡范圍內(nèi)及平均年齡
舉例：Patients range in age from …to…, with a mean of (50 years).
3．在某一年齡以上或以下
舉例：Patients more than 50 years. Patients under/less than 50 years.
四、 性別、時間
1．性別
twelve patients (7 male and 5 female)
The male-to-female ratio was 1:4
2．時間
Body weight was measured weekly, and liver biopsy was obtained at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. ……
五、 診斷與治療
1．診斷
be diagnosed as having …
be diagnosed as …by …/with …?be suspected as …
2．治療
be treated with…(alone or in combination with …)
be treated on outpatient/inpatient basis
舉例：
（1)Patients (n = 539) with a history of duodenal ulcer and a positive H. pylori screening test result were randomized into 4groups. OAC group received 20 mg omeprazole,…
（2)50 patients with active bleeding duodenal ulcer were randomly assigned to receive one of the four treatment regimens.
結(jié)果部分：
1．是文章結(jié)論的根據(jù)
2．應(yīng)記錄真實的科研數(shù)據(jù)
3．除指示性說明外，一般用過去時表示
一、 常用句型
1．結(jié)果表明：The results showed / demonstrated / revealed / documented / indicated/suggested…that…?It was found that…
舉例：The results showed that high thigh cuff Doppler technique was 79 percent sensitive, 56 percent specific and 63 percent accurate.
2．與…有關(guān)：A was related / correlated /associated with B. There was a relationship /correlation between A and B. There was a relation of A with B and C
舉例：Insulin sensitivity index was negatively with blood velocity (r=0.530, P<0.05), body mass index (r=o.563, P<0.01) and baseline insulinemia (r=0.489, P<0.05)
3．增加或減少
（1)表示數(shù)值增加的動詞：increase, rise, elevate
（2)表示數(shù)值增加的名詞：increase, increment, elevation
（3)表示數(shù)值減少的動詞：decrease, reduce, fall, drop, decline, lower
（4)表示數(shù)值減少的名詞：decrease, decrement, reduction, fall, drop, decline, lowering
（5)從…增加到…，平均增加…：increase from …to …, with a mean/average (increase) of …
（6)從…增加到…，總的增加…：increase from …to …, with an overall increase of …
（7)增加了 10％：increase by (10%)
4．倍數(shù)比較
（1)增加或減少 3 倍：increase by 3 fold (times). a 3-fold increase
（2)A 是 B 的 3 倍：A is 3 fold (times) as…as B. A is 3 fold (times) B
5．結(jié)果的統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義
（1)明顯不同（significant difference)
（2)很明顯不同（very/highly significant difference)
（3)區(qū)別不明顯（ insignificant difference)
（4)無區(qū)別（ nonsignificant difference/no difference)
6．統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義常用句型
（1)There was/is significant difference in…between A and B
（2)The difference in …between A and B was/is significant
（3)A was/is significant difference from B in …
（4)No significant difference was found / observed / noted in …between A and B
“in” 表示區(qū)分的性質(zhì)或內(nèi)容
舉例：
①There were no significant difference between treatment groups in symptoms and lung function (P>0.05).
②Significant difference were not noted in the level of HDL cholesterol, and LDL peak particle diameter before and after treatment.
結(jié)論部分：是作者發(fā)表觀點和見解，給讀者的精髓部分
1．歸納性說明研究結(jié)果或發(fā)現(xiàn)
2．結(jié)論性說明結(jié)果的可能原因、機(jī)理或意義
3．前瞻性說明未解決的問題
結(jié)論部分時態(tài)：
1．過去時
（1)涉及本研究的內(nèi)容
（2)涉及他人研究過程的內(nèi)容
（3)作者認(rèn)為只適用于本研究環(huán)境和條件的結(jié)論
2．現(xiàn)在時
（1)指示性說明
（2)普遍接受的思想、理論或結(jié)論
（3)作者認(rèn)為本研究結(jié)論具有普遍意義
（4)前瞻性說明
舉例：Our findings indicate that hepatitis C is a progressive disease [指示性說明 - 現(xiàn)在時]，but only a few died during the average 20.4 years after the initiation of injection drug use [本試驗過程中發(fā)生的事 - 過去時］. Antiviral treatment to eradicate the virus and halt the progression of diseases is indicated in this group of patients [ 作者認(rèn)為具有普遍意義的結(jié)論 - 現(xiàn)在時].
結(jié)論部分常用句型：
1．結(jié)果提示…：These results suggest that…
舉例：These data confirm the presence of at least two major HCV genotypes in Nigeria.
2．結(jié)果支持或反對某種觀點：These results support the idea that…；These results fail to support the idea that…
舉例：These results do not support the idea that treatment to lower cholesterol concentration cause mood disturbance.
3．表示觀點的確定或不確定性：There is no evidence that…；It is likely/unlikely that …
舉例：There is no evidence that NIDDM produce any change in bone metabolism or mass.
4．具有…意義：Be of great (some/little/no) clinical significance in…to …
舉例：The detection of p53 gene is of great clinical significance in tumor diagnosis.
5．前瞻性說明：…remain to be further studied；It is remains to be proved that …
舉例：However, the relation of insulin resistance to hypertension remains to be further studied.
6．插入語：This is the first case of pancreas divisum.
舉例：This is the first case, to our knowledge, of pancreas divisum.
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