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PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT | |
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防治原則 | |
| Prevention and treatment of disease are two principles that must be followed in TCM work. Both of them are important components of the theoretical system of TCM. | 疾病的防和治是中醫(yī)必須遵循的兩個原則，都是中醫(yī)理論系統的重要組成部分。 |
| I. Prevention | I.預防 |
| By prevention is meant taking certain measures to avoid the occurrence and progress of diseases. TCM has always attached great importance to prevention. As early as in Huangdi's Classic on Medicine, the preventive thought of "preventive treatment of diseases" was advanced. This theory involves two aspects: preventive treatment before the occurrence of diseases and preventing deterioration after the occurrence of diseases. Basic Questions states:" Wise men always give the preventive treatment before a disease occurs and prevent a disturbance before it starts…. Not taking medicine until a disease comes on or not preventing a disturbance until it starts is no different from not digging a well until one is thirsty or not making weapons until a battle starts. Isn't that be too late?" After liberation, our government put forward "put prevention first". It is one of the four great policies of the medical and health work of China. And it is also a principle of preventing the occurrence and the progression of a disease in TCM. | 預防指的是采取一定的措施避免疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。中醫(yī)總是非常重視預防。早在《黃帝內經》就提出了“治未病”的預防思想。該理論涉及兩個方面：未病先防和既病防變。《素問》指出：“是故圣人不治已病治未病，不治已亂治未亂......。夫病已成而后藥之，亂已成而后治之，譬猶渴而穿井，戰(zhàn)而鑄錐，不亦晚乎？”解放后，我國政府提出了“預防第一”，是中國醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生工作的四大原則之一。它也是中醫(yī)防止疾病發(fā)生和發(fā)展的原則。 |
| 1. Preventive Treatment of Disease | 1.未病先防 |
| It refers to taking various measures to prevent diseases from occurring. The occurrence of a disease is related to both pathogenic factors and vital qi. The former is the important condition for the occurrence of a disease, which the deficiency of the latter is the intrinsic factor for the occurrence of a disease. Therefore, preventive treatment of a disease must start with both strengthening the resistance inside the body and preventing pathogens from invading the human body. Basic Questions States:" The body with vital qi is never attacked by pathogenic factors." To prevent the disease from occurring the following preventive measures mucs be taken. | 未病先防指的是采取各種措施防止疾病的發(fā)生。疾病的發(fā)生和邪氣及正氣都相關。前者是疾病發(fā)生的重要條件，后者的虧虛則是疾病發(fā)生的必要條件。因此，未病先防必須從加強人體的抵抗力和防止病邪的侵犯開始�！端貑枴分赋觯骸罢龤獯鎯�，邪不可干�！鳖A防疾病的發(fā)生必須采取以下預防措施。 |
| (1)Streagthening Vital Qi's Capacity to Resist Pathogens | （1)扶正御邪 |
| a. Regulating Mental Activities to Maintain the Health | a.調養(yǎng)精神活動以保持健康 |
| b. Keeping regular hours | b.作息規(guī)律 |
| c. Doing regular physical exercises | c.適當的體育鍛煉 |
| d. Using drug prophylaxis and providing artificial immunization | d.藥物預防和提供人工免疫 |
| (2) Defending the body against pathogens | （2)抗御邪氣 |
| a. Keeping away from six exogenous pathogens and pestilence | a.遠離六yin疫氣 |
| b. Avoiding various infectious diseases and trauma | b.避免感染性疾病和外傷 |
| c. Developing hygienic habits and preventing environmental pollution, as well as water and food contamination | c.養(yǎng)成衛(wèi)生習慣，防止環(huán)境污染及水源和食物污染。 |
| 2. Preventing the deterioration of disease | 2.既病防變 |
| Though prevention prior to the occurrence of a disease is the best policy, timely diagnosis and effective treatment to control the deterioration of disease is also important. Therefore, once a disease occurs, it should be early treated so as to cure it in its initial stage. Ye Tianshi, a famous practitioner of the Qing Dynasty, advised:" Be sure to treat the parts which the pathogens have not involved yet." This is also an important method of preventing the disease from further deteriorating. | 雖然未病先防是最好的措施，但及時診斷和有效的治療對控制疾病惡化同樣重要。因此，一旦疾病發(fā)生了，就應該及早治療以爭取在疾病早期治愈。葉天士，清代的著名醫(yī)家建議：“治邪之未至。”這也是防止疾病進一步惡化的重要方法。 |
| II. Principles of Treatment | II.治療原則 |
| To study TCM treatment, attention should be paid to the therapeutic principles which must be followed in the treatment of disease. They are formed under the guidance of holistic concept and TDS, and they have the guiding significance for establishment of the therapeutic principles and prescriptions of a recipe. Therapeutic principles differ from therapeutic methods. The former refer to the general principles for guiding therapeutic methods, while the latter are the concrete methods of treatment under the guide of the therapeutic principles. There are different kinds of therapeutic principles in TCM. For example, treatment aiming at the primary cause of a disease, strengthening vital qi and eliminating pathogenic factors, readjusting yin and yang, regulating the zangfu's functions, regulating qi-blood and treatment in accordance with the three factors( Climate, locality and individual). | 研究中醫(yī)治療，必須注意隨疾病治療而定的治療原則。它們是在整體觀念和辨證論治的指導下形成的，對治療原則的確立和處方的確定有指導意義。治療原則和治療方法不同。前者指的是指導治療方法的總原則，而后者是在治療原則指導下的具體治療方法。中醫(yī)有各種不同的治療原則。例如，治病求本，扶正驅邪，調理陰陽，調理臟腑，調理氣血和三因制宜（因時，因地，因人)。 |
| 1. Treatment Aiming at the Root Cause of a Disease | 1.治病求本 |
| By treatment aiming at the root cause of a disease is meant treating a disease on the basis of its root cause. It is not until the fundamental cause of a disease is found out that it is possible to get to the essence of the problem and to make a proper treatment. Basic Questions points out, " In treating search for the its root cause of a disease of a disease in treatment. " When treatment aiming at the root cause of a disease is used clinically, routine treatment or contrary treatment and treating the primary (ben) and or treating the secondary (biao ) must be dealt with correctly. | 治病求本意味著根據疾病的根源基礎治療基礎。只有發(fā)現疾病的基本原因，才能抓住問題的本質和制定適當的治療�！端貑枴分赋觯骸爸尾”厍笥诒尽！睂⒅尾∏蟊具\用于臨床時，正治或反治和治本和治標必須正確運用。 |
| Routine treatment includes the following methods: treating cold syndrome with hot natured drug, treating heat syndrome with cold natured drug, treating deficiency syndrome by replenishment, treating excess syndrome by purgation, etc. | 正治包括以下方法：寒者熱之，熱者寒之，虛者實之，實者瀉之，等。 |
| Contrary treatment has the following methods: treating pseudo-heat syndrome with hot-natured drugs, treating pseudo-cold syndrome with cold-natured drugs, treating obstruction-syndrome with tonification and treating diarrhea with purgation. | 反治有以下方法：熱因熱用，寒因寒用，塞因塞用和通因通用。 |
| Treatment of the primary and the secondary includes the following methods: treating the secondary for emergency, treating the primary for chronic cases and treating both the primary and the secondary aspects. | 治標和治本包括以下方法：急則治標，緩則治本和標本兼治。 |
| 2. Strengthening Vital Qi and Eliminating Pathogens. | 2.扶正驅邪 |
| Strengthening vital qi is to increase body resistance. Since victory or failure in the struggle between vital qi and pathogens determines the aggravation or alleviation of a disease, one of the important principles in clinical treatment is to change the relative strength of vital qi and pathogens. In so doing, the disease will take a turn for the better. | 扶正可以增強人體抵抗力。由于正邪之爭的勝負決定了疾病的加重或減輕，所以臨床上一個重要的原則就是改變邪正之間的相對強盛，這樣疾病才會好轉。 |
| Eliminating pathogens means getting rid of pathogenic factors to facilitate and recover the strength of vial qi. Therefore, eliminating pathogens, like strengthening vital qi, is also one of the important principles clinically. | 驅邪意味著驅除病邪以恢復正氣的強盛。因此，驅邪和扶正一樣是臨床上重要的原則之一。 |
| They have the following methods: driving out pathogens first and then strengthening vital qi, strengthening vital qi first and then eliminating pathogens and strengthening vital qi and eliminating pathogens simultaneously. | 它們有以下方法：先驅邪后扶正、先扶正后驅邪和扶正兼驅邪。 |
| Strengthening vital qi and eliminating pathogens supplement each other: the former helps the elimination of pathogenic factors and the latter helps strengthening vital qi. So, clinically, they should be applied in the light of the variations of the cases. | 扶正與驅邪相互補充：扶正有助于驅邪，而驅邪有助于扶正。所以，臨床上必須根據疾病的不同適當選用。 |
| 3. Readjusting Yin and Yang. | 3.調理陰陽 |
| The imbalance of yin and yang is the basic pathogenesis of many a disease, therefore, regulating relative excess or insufficiency of yin and yang, remedying defects to rectify abuses and restoring relative balance of yin and yang are one of the basic principles in clinical treatment. To restore their balance yin and yang are usually regulated by means of removing the relative excess or invigorating the relative deficiency. Since Yin and Yang are the changes may be summarized as the imbalance of yin and yang. | 陰陽失調是許多疾病的疾病病理改變，因此，調整陰陽的偏盛偏虛，補虛瀉實，重建陰陽的相對平衡是臨床治療疾病的原則之一。重建陰陽的平衡通常由瀉實和補虛的調理而實現。因此，陰陽變化可歸納為陰陽失衡。 |
| Besides, regulating zang-fu's functions and qi-blood relationship are also two important therapeutic principles. Space lacks for a detailed description of it. | 除此之外，調理臟腑功能和氣血關系也是兩種重要的治療原則。篇幅所限，恕不敘述。 |
| 4. Treatment in Accordance with Three Factors (climate, locality and individual). | 4.三因制宜（因時，因地，因人) |
| This is the therapeutic principle that TCM adopts in treating diseases. The occurrence, development and changes of a disease are involved by various factors, including the climate, geographical environment, the patient's constitution, sex and age etc. Therefore, when treating a disease, the doctor must take the three conditions into account, and make a concrete analysis of concrete conditions and deal with them in different ways, thereby working out an appropriate therapeutic method. | 這是中醫(yī)適用于治療疾病的治療原則。疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和變化與許多因素有關，包括天氣、地理環(huán)境、病人的體質、性別和年齡等。因此，醫(yī)生治療疾病時，必須考慮這三個條件，對具體條件做具體分析并區(qū)別對待，從而制定出適當的治療方法。 |
| Beside the above contents, we want to talk about therapeutic methods of TCM. Traditional methods fall into eight categories. | 除此之外，我們還想談談中醫(yī)的治療方法。傳統的方法可以歸為八種。 |
| a. Diaphoresis | a.汗法 |
| One of the eight therapeutic methods, which is expelling superficial pathogens by opening the pores of the skin, and regulating the function f ying and wei. It possesses the actions of antipyretics, promoting eruption, reducing edema and rheumatism, etc. | 為八法之一，可以驅除表邪，開發(fā)腠理和調和營衛(wèi)。它有解熱發(fā)表，減輕水腫和風濕等作用。 |
| b. Emesis | b.吐法 |
| Emesis is a treatment to use emetics or physical stimulation to induce vomiting for the removal of retained toxic substances in the throat, chest or stomach. But emesis is prohibited for pregnant women and must be applied cautiously to the weak. | 吐法是用催吐劑或人工誘導促進嘔吐以驅除喉、胸或胃部殘留的有害物質。但是吐法禁用于妊娠婦女，慎用于體弱者。 |
| c. Purgation | c.瀉法 |
| This is the therapeutic method for eliminating the undigested food, potent excessive heat and fluid by the application of potent or mild purgatives, generally classified into purgation with cold natured drugs, that with warm natured drugs, that with lubricant natured drugs and hydropathic therapy. | 這是用有效的或輕的瀉法清除未消化食物、實熱和液體的治療方法，總的可以分為寒藥瀉法、熱藥瀉法、滑性藥瀉法和水劑瀉法。 |
| d. Mediation | d.和法 |
| It is a treatment to dispel the pathogenic factors of shaoyang ( half-exterior and half-interior ) and regulate qi and blood of zang-fu organs by the application of drugs with actions of dispersion and regulation, including relieving shaoyang disorder, dispersing stagnated liver-qi, regulating the function of the liver and spleen or of the liver and stomach, etc. | 這是一種用具有發(fā)散和調和作用的藥物驅除少陽之邪、調理臟腑氣血的治療方法，包括和解少陽，疏肝理氣，調理肝脾和調理肝胃等。 |
| e. Warming | e.溫法 |
| Warming, as the term suggests, is a therapeutic method using drugs of warm and hot nature to treat cold-syndrome, dispelling cold by warming middle energizer expelling and helps recover yang, removes cold by warming and meridians, restoring yang from collapse and regulating the blood vessels, etc. | 溫法，正如名字所提示的，是一種用溫熱性藥治療寒證的治療方法，可以溫中祛寒，宣發(fā)陽氣，溫經祛寒，回陽救逆，溫通血脈等。 |
| f. Heat-Clearing | f.清熱 |
| It is an effective method to clear away pathogenic heat and fire with drugs of cold and cool nature, applicable to excess-heat syndromes. | 它是一種用寒涼藥物清除火熱之邪的一種有效方法，適用于實熱證。 |
| g. Resolution | g.消法 |
| A therapeutic method for dispelling pathogenic sthenia by removing retained food and masses due to stagnation of qi, blood stasis, phlegm, undigested food, including regulating the flow of qi, promoting blood circulation, removing dampness through diuresis, dispelling phlegm, etc. | 它是一種以祛除氣滯、血瘀、痰飲、飲食不化引起的飲食停滯而達到瀉實的治療方法，包括行氣，活血，利尿化濕，祛痰等。 |
| h. Tonification | h.補法 |
| It's a therapeutic method for various kinds of deficiency syndromes due to insufficiency of yin and yang, qi and blood, generally classified into invigorating qi, enriching blood, invigorating yang, nourishing yin. | 它是一種適用于由陰陽氣血虧虛引起的各種虛證的治療方法，總的可以分為補氣，養(yǎng)血，溫陽，滋陰。 |
| In clinical practice, any of the therapeutic methods mentioned above is unlikely to satisfy the treatment of, especially, complicated cases, so, to keep all the aspects in view, two or more are usually employed in coordination. | 在臨床實踐中，以上提及的任何一種治療方法都不可能完全適用于特別是復雜的疾病的治療，因此，應該統觀全局，同時結合運用兩種或兩種以上的治療方法。med126.com |
